BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS AND DETERMINANT FACTORS OF OSSEOINTEGRATION: FROM CELL BIOLOGY TO CLINICAL PRACTICE
M. Scarpati Cioffari di Castiglione1, S. Lauri2*, F. Ferrantini3, R. Trabucco3, V. Spadoni3, G. M. Granata3 and P. Poliçi4
1 Independent researcher, 81021, Caserta, Italy;
2 Independent researcher, 00073, Rome, Italy;
3 Department of System Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy;
4 Catholic University Our Lady of Good Counsel, Tirana, Albania.
*Correspondence to:
Simone Lauri,
Independent Researcher,
00073, Rome, Italy.
e-mail: laurisimone1@gmail.com
| Received: 04 January, 2026 Accepted: 02 February, 2026
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ISSN 2975-044X (online) ISSN 2038-4106 (print) Copyright © by BIOLIFE 2026 This publication and/or article is for individual use only and may not be further reproduced without written permission from the copyright holder. Unauthorized reproduction may result in financial and other penalties. Disclosure: All authors report no conflicts of interest relevant to this article. |
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The surgical placement of dental implants initiates a complex biological healing process, essential for the success of osseointegration. This process involves various biological mechanisms that determine the outcome of the integration between the implant and the surrounding bone. Materials and Methods: This review critically analyses the literature on the biological mechanisms involved in osseointegration. Key factors such as the phases of primary healing, bone maturation, and the importance of implant surface properties, including geometry, chemical composition, and topography, on cell interaction and bone regeneration are highlighted. Discussion: The initial phase of healing involves the formation of a stable fibrin matrix that facilitates the migration of mesenchymal stem cells and their differentiation into osteoblasts, while angiogenesis ensures an adequate supply of nutrients. The subsequent remodelling phase is crucial for transforming immature bone into structurally superior lamellar bone, which is vital for the long-term stability of the implant. Additionally, the importance of careful implant site preparation is discussed, highlighting periosteal integrity, temperature control, and insertion torque, which directly influence osteogenetic outcomes. Conclusion: Through a synthesis of current literature on these critical factors, this work offers insights for optimising clinical practices to improve implant success rates. Ultimately, the results contribute to advancements in implantology and strategies for effective bone regeneration.
KEYWORDS: Osseointegration, implant healing phases, titanium implant surfaces, surface modification of dental implants, implant site preparation, insertion torque