THE INFLUENCE OF VITAMIN K NANOEMULSIONS ON OSTEOBLAST REGENERATION AND DIFFERENTIATION ON TITANIUM SURFACES
M. Scarpati Cioffari di Castiglione 1, S. Lauri2*, C. Moscetta3, F. Ferrantini4, M. C. Palumbo4, S. Barbaro4 and P. Poliçi5
1 Independent researcher, 81021, Caserta, Italy;
2 Independent researcher, 00073, Rome, Italy;
3 Independent researcher, 03018, Frosinone, Italy;
4 Department of System Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy;
5 Catholic University Our Lady of Good Counsel, Tirana, Albania.
*Correspondence to:
Simone Lauri,
Independent Researcher,
00073, Rome, Italy.
e-mail: laurisimone1@gmail.com
| Received: 04 January, 2026 Accepted: 02 February, 2026
|
ISSN 2975-044X (online) ISSN 2038-4106 (print) Copyright © by BIOLIFE 2026 This publication and/or article is for individual use only and may not be further reproduced without written permission from the copyright holder. Unauthorized reproduction may result in financial and other penalties. Disclosure: All authors report no conflicts of interest relevant to this article. |
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Vitamin K is essential for the carboxylation of proteins involved in bone mineralisation, but its oral bioavailability is often limited and variable. Nanoemulsions (including SNELTs) can improve the solubility and absorption of lipophilic compounds. This study evaluates the impact of vitamin K nanoemulsions on the adhesion, differentiation, and mineralisation of human primary osteoblasts on titanium discs. Materials and Methods: Critical literature review of osseointegration focusing on biological mechanisms, implant surface properties, and clinical implications. Searches performed on PubMed and Scopus using targeted keywords/MeSH, prioritizing recent and seminal works. Included in vivo, in vitro, and review studies; excluded non–peer‑reviewed and irrelevant reports; selection by multiple reviewers. Data extracted on study design, surface and mechanical features, biological outcomes and clinical relevance; findings synthesized to identify evidence, gaps, and research recommendations. Discussion: The treated samples, particularly with 100 µg, showed increased RUNX2 expression, greater adhesion, hyperconfluence, and cellular organisation on the titanium surface. EDS analysis revealed an increase in calcium content in the treated samples, indicative of a greater predisposition to mineralisation. Conclusions: Vitamin K nanoemulsions enhance osteogenic differentiation and mineralisation of osteoblasts on titanium surfaces, suggesting a potential improvement in osseointegration, especially in low bone density conditions. Further in vitro and in vivo studies are needed to confirm clinical efficacy and optimise formulations and dosages.
KEYWORDS: Vitamin K, Nanoemulsions (SNELTs), osseointegration, primary osteoblasts, titanium surfaces